Thripinae, Thripidae, Terebrantia, Thysanoptera

Figures

Anaphothrips sudanensis is a grass feeding pest and causes damage to cereal crops. Female macropterous or micropterous; body bicolored, mainly dark brown but with abdominal segments 3-5 yellow, also antennal segments III & IV; fore wings pale but with dark cross band medially (Fig. 9). Antennae 8-segmented; segments III & IV each with short forked sense cone (Fig. 1). Head with 3 pairs of ocellar setae, pair III arise in front of ocellar triangle (Fig. 2). Head and pronotum with no long setae (Fig. 3). Metanotum with mainly equiangular reticulation at anterior, but transverse reticulated posteriorly; median pair of setae arise well behind anterior margin; campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 4). Meso- and metasternal furca without spinula. Mid and hind tarsi 2-segmented. Fore wing, when developed, with veinal setae shorter than half of wing width; first vein with 3 setae on distal half; second vein with about 6 equally spaced setae (Fig. 5). Tergites with no lines of sculpture medially (Fig. 6); VIII with complete posteromarginal comb of long microtrichia on broadly triangular bases (Fig. 7). Sternite VII with median pair of setae arising near posterior margin (Fig. 8).
Male similar to micropterous female but legs paler and pterothorax largely yellow; tergite IX with 2 pairs of stout thorn-like setae medially; sternites III-VIII with large C-shaped glandular area.

The genus Anaphothrips Uzel, 1895
Cosmopolitan, about 80 described species in this genus are normally found on plants of the grass familiy, Poaceae. Several species are quite common on many different hosts. Relationships within this genus are unclear (probably restricted to less than 40 species (Nakahara 1995). More than 40 species of this genus recognized as mainly non-grass feeders in Australia (Mound & Masumoto 2009). Members of this genus are macropterous or micropterous, with 8- or apparently 9 segmented antennae (segment VI often devided by a suture near apex), 3 pairs of ocellar setae and 2-segmented tarsi. Head and pronotum without well-developed long setae. Fore wing first vein setal row interrupted and tergite VIII with a complete posteromarginal comb of microtrichia (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Compared to Anaphothrips obscurus, Anaphothrips sudanensis is characterised by the sharply bicolored body, 8-segmented antennae, pale fore wings with a dark cross band medially, metanotal median area with equiangular reticulation at anterior but transverse reticulation on posterior half, tergites with no lines of sculpture medially, tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia are long on broadly triangular bases, and sternite VII median marginal setae arising near posterior margin. Whereas Anaphothrips obscurus has a mainly pale or yellow body color, 8- or 9-segmented antennae (segment VI partially divided), fore wings uniformly pale or weakly shaded, metanotal median area sculptured lines with mainly equiangular reticulation, tergites with transverse reticulate lines of sculpture medially, tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia are short on broadly triangular bases, and sternite VII median marginal setae arising well in front of posterior margin.
Anaphothrips is similar to the genus Dichromothrips, Megalurothrips, Tenothrips and Ceratothripoides in lacking tergal ctenidia even on tergite VIII, and lacking regular rows of fine microtrichia on lateral thirds of tergites. Compared to species of Anaphothrips, Dichromothrips priesneri has a head with ocellar setae I absent, a pronotum with 1 pair of long posteroangular setae and a metathorax with a well developed internal spinula and median area without any equiangular reticulation. Anaphothrips as well as Megalurothrips, Tenothrips and Ceratothripoides have 3 pairs of ocellar setae on head and a metathorax without a well developed internal spinula, but in Megalurothrips, Tenothrips and Ceratothripoides the pronotum shows 2 pairs of long posteroangular setae (Anaphothrips without elongate pronotal setae), and on tergite VIII the posteromarginal comb of microtrichia is broadly absent medially in Megalurothrips and Tenothrips (in Anaphothrips and Ceratothripoides tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb of microtrichia).

Life history
As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. The life cycle from the egg to the adult ranges from 11 to 28 days (Ananthakrishnan 1971). Adults may live for more than one month producing several generations in one year depending on seasonal weather.

Host plants
Grasses and cereal crops: finger millets, maize, Napier grass, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, wheat.
Weeds: Tagetes minuta.

Vector capacity
None identified, but possible mechanical distribution of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.

Detection and control strategies
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Biogeography

In subtropical and tropical regions around the world. Egypt (Bahtim near Cairo), Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Mozambique, Morocco, Nigeria (Mokwa), Senegal (Fété Olé), South Africa (Limpopo: Mokopane, Modimolle; Mpumalanga: Nelspruit; Gauteng: Pretoria, North West: Rustenburg, Eastern Cape: Balfour), Sudan (Kaka), Zimbabwe.

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